The conflict in Jerusalem is evidently modern. This is the story.

In December 1917 he took over Jerusalem from the Turkish Ottomans 100 years ago. He descended from his horse, and entered Old Town on foot through the Port of Jaffa, the cause of respect for his sacred status.

A century later, Jerusalem has been fought in various ways, not only by Jews, Christians and Muslims but also by external powers, and of course by modern Israelis and Palestinians.

It is probably significant that President Trump has chosen this week to announce that the United States has decided to recognise Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, despite concerns by leaders of Arab countries, from Turkey and even from France.

Conflicts over Jerusalem have taken place thousands of years since Bible times, the time of the Roman Empire and the Crusades, but the last conflict is clearly a 20th - century account rooted in colonialism, nationalism, and anti - Semitism. The New York Times has asked various experts to clarify the most important moments of the past century.

1917-48: Britain's Mandata

For the British, Jerusalem was very important. They made Jerusalem capital,” said prof. Yesoshi Ben-Arieh, professor at Jewish University. “Previously, it was no one's capital since the time of the First and Second Temple. ”

The three decades of British rule followed by Allenby's march to Jerusalem saw a flow of Jews coming into the city from the spirit vision of the Jewish homeland, while local Arab people accepted the curvature of the Ottoman Empire, which had ruled the city since 1517.

“Paradoxically, Zionism withdrew from Jerusalem, from the Old Town,” said Amnon Ramon, a researcher at the Institute for Research Policy in Jerusalem. The preceding “, because Jerusalem was held as a symbol of the diaspora, and second because the sanctification of Christianity and Islam to the city, was seen as a major complication that would not allow the creation of a Jewish state with Jerusalem as its capital. ”

Many early Zionists were secular Socialists from Europe, more motivated by nationalism, self - determination and fleeing persecution than by religious visions.

“rerusalem was seen as a regress in a more conservative culture, from which they were trying to escape,” says Michaeal Dumper. “ ”

For Arabs, he said: “was still something of a shock if it was not part of the Ottoman Empire. There was a reorganization of their society. The Palestinian local aristocracy, the large families of Jerusalem, emerged as leaders of the Palestinian national movement, which was suddenly confronted by Jewish migration. ”

The opposition of that migration fostered a host of deadly riots from the Palestinians, while Jews rebelled against British rule and the restrictions on migration imposed in 1939 ʹ restrictions that blocked many Jews even to flee the Holocaust. After the war in 1947, the UN adopted a partition plan for two states a Jew and an Arab with Jerusalem to be ruled by a special international regime because of the city's unique status.

1948-67: Divided City

Arabs rejected the partition plan, and one day after Israel declared independence in 1948, Arab states attacked the new state. They were defeated. The cause of police violence and crowds on both sides, a large number of Jews and Arabs had moved.

Jerusalem had been divided: The western part became part of Israel's new state, and the eastern part, including the Old Town, was occupied by Jordan. For Palestinians, this was a reunification point,” said Professor Dumper.

Israel and Jordan, he said, were focused elsewhere. Israel built its coastal areas, including Haifan, Tel Aviv, and Ashkelon, in areas that were growing commercially, while Jordanian King Abdullah the First was focused on the development of Amman, the capital of Jordan.

The former Israeli state was reluctant to focus heavily on the Jerusalem issue, the cause of pressure from the UN and the European powers, according to Issam Nassar, historian at the state University of Illinois.

With the idea of an international control in Jerusalem, then Israeli leadership sought alternatives to the capital, perhaps Herzliya or anyone in the south. They also realized that no control in the sacred parts of Jerusalem would have certain advantages, says Dr. Ramon.

As Israel moved many of the government mechanisms to Jerusalem during the first two decades of citizenship, foreign governments avoided Jerusalem and opened embassies in Tel Aviv, in accordance with the UN resolution.

1967-1993: Two Wars and Intifada

No other event has shaped the modern - day clash for Jerusalem more than the Arabo-Israelian War of 1967, in which Israel not only defeated the invadant Arab armies but also took control of the Gaza and Sinai Peninsula from Egypt; further, West Coast and East Jerusalem from Jordan; the mountains of Golan, Syria.

“Picts returning in 1967 were two: great victory, including quick return from fear of losing before the war in a euphoria and feeling that everything was possible, and an emotional impact on the conquest of the Old City,” said Menachem Klein.

The images of Israelite soldiers praying on the West Wall, one thing not allowed by the Jordanian regime, strengthened the Israelites ' national conscience.

“Jerusalem became the center of a devotion that had never existed before, said Rashid Khalid, professor of modern Arab studies at Columbia University. “This has already been fetished on an extraordinary scale, while radical religious nationalism has become predominate in Israeli politics, with the Western Wall in focus. ”

The victory of the right-wing Likud party in 1977, under the leadership of Menachem Begin, helped defeat Jerusalem's great importance as an integral part of Israel's identity. The religious people became more prominent in Israel's political life, launching an effort that was never fully achieved. The Socialists of the old line of roots in Russia and Eastern Europe paved the way for a more religious and diverse population of Israelis originally from the Middle East, northern Africa, and other regions.

As part of this change, Jerusalem's symbolic importance only increased. His role in Jewish history was highlighted in military parades, while students throughout the country were sent from school to visit that country. This process culminated in 1980, when lawmakers passed a bill declaring that “Jerusalem, as a whole and united, is the capital of Israel” although Israel gave up the annexation of East Jerusalem that could have enraged the international community.

1993 to this day: Oslo and Beyond

The 1993 Oscars Accord guaranteed the establishment of a Palestinian Authority to rule with the East Coast and the Gaza Belt as it postponed a resolution on core issues: the borders, refugees and status of Jerusalem. In about a quarter since then, the prospect of a peace deal seems even more exclusive, inconsistent.

A visit by right-wing politician Ariel Sharon in 2000 to the holy complex known to Jews as the Temple Mountain and Muslims as the Noble Holy Temple containing Al Aqsa Mosque and the Rock Cuba led to violent clashes and another Palestinian uprising from which some 3 thousand Palestinians and 1000 Israelis died in five years.

The Palestinians say that the Jewish settlers have set foot in eastern Jerusalem, and that Israel has complicated the problem. Furthermore, the ethnic condition of Jerusalem's population has remained about 30 to 40% with Arabs.

THE entire international community has agreed that the annexation of East Jerusalem in 1967 by Israel has been illegal, and also refuses to recognise Jerusalem as the capital of Israel,” Professor Khalid said. “If Trump changes position, ignoring the importance of Jerusalem to Arabs and Muslims, it is hard to see how a stable Palestinian-Israelan agreement is possible or normalisation in Arab-Israel relations. ”

Professor Ben Arieh has said that the conflict for the city is very likely to continue. “The Arab-Hebrew conflict has ruled out in a national conflict, with Jerusalem in its centre,” he said. “Jerusalem was a sacred city for three religions, but the moment that in the land of Israel, two nations grow up ʹ Jews and local Arabs both embrace Jerusalem. More than they need Jerusalem, Jerusalem needs them. ”

Subtitle by: Periscope